Ĭulture on LJ medium is the gold standard, but it takes 8–12 weeks, requires approximately 10–100 bacilli in the sample. Despite its usefulness in the diagnosis of TBLN, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) faces several limitations, and its sensitivity and specificity are not well established. Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis is based on the traditional methods of Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain and laboratory culture of the causative organism. In tubercular lymphadenitis cases, a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnosis is needed owing to the limitations of the traditional microbiological methods, the paucibacillary nature of the specimen, and the extensive differential diagnosis.
Histopathology is characteristic but there could be problems to get representative specimen, and nonspecific features. Conventional methods available for the diagnosis have limitations. Įarly confirmatory diagnosis of tuberculosis is a challenging especially in case of paucibacillary and extra-pulmonary forms.
Cervical lymph nodes are the most common sites and are reported in 60% to 90% patients with or without involvement of other lymphoid tissue. Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) is the most common clinical presentation of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is defined as the isolated occurrence of TB in any part of the body other than the lungs. tuberculosis complex may be seen in any organ of the body. Still, TB remains a major cause of death among infectious diseases.Īlthough the predominant form of tuberculosis is pulmonary TB disease however, infection with M. India has the highest TB burden, accounting for 28% of the global incidence. According to a WHO report, eight countries accounted for more than two thirds of global TB cases: India (28%), Indonesia (9.2%), China (7.4%), the Philippines (7.0%), Pakistan (5.8%), Nigeria (4.4%), Bangladesh (3.6%), and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2.9%). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) report (2022), 10.6 million people were ill and 1.6 million people lost their lives due to TB all over the world. Mycobacterial infections have mediated diseases reported globally, but are particularly more prevalent in developing countries such as South-East Asia (45%), Africa (23%), and the Western Pacific (18%).
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